VIMAX Pills can enlarge your penis size up to 3-4 Inches in length and up to 25% in girth !natural penis enlargment technique vimax penis enlargement surgeon VIMAX Pills is a powerful natural herbal male enhancement formula that increases penis length and girth, sexual desire, sexual health and helps to achieve stronger erections. Combining the formulations of the type of herbs found in many parts of the world that have been proven to work for many years, you can now enjoy the full benefits of our product. Some of the same type of herbs found in Polynesia where the men of the Mangaian tribe have sex on the average of 3 times a night, every night. While this is not what you may wish, it is nice to know your sexual performance can improve substantially. After many years of medical Research and Development, our company is pleased to offer you a 100% Natural and Safe Product that can safely and permanently enlarge your penis size up to 3-4 Inches in length and up to 25% in girth. Discover what our "proven to work" formula can do for you by ordering today. Many men were skeptical at first but after they gave our pills a try their sex life and self esteem changed for the better.Our pills will improve your overall sexual health, make you feel younger and you will have more pleasurable orgasms. You can take one pill 2 times per day to keep the effects of VIMAX PILLS in your system and to promote virility enhancement. 100% Safe and Natural Herbal IngredientsEpunedum Sagitum or Horny Goat Weed - Known in China as Yin Yang Huo. Chinese top medical doctors report that horny goat weed boosts libido and improves erectile function. Used to restore sexual fire and allay fatigue. Saw Palmetto - Known to stimulate a low libido in males and to increase sexual energy. A compound in saw palmetto has aphrodisiac effects. Ginkgo - Medicinal use of ginkgo can be traced back 5,000 years in Chinese herbal medicine.The herb also increases blood flow to the genitals which improves sexual function. In one study 78% of a group of men with impotence reported significant improvement without side effects. Other Ingredients: Muira Puama (balsam), Velvet, Damiana (leaf), Cayenne (fruit), Oats (entire plant), Avena sativa, Ginseng (root), Panax Ginseng, Caltrop (fruit) Tribulus terrestris. do penile enlargment pills work pnis enlargement fact VIMAX Pills helps you gain:
Do VIMAX Pills really work?We get many emails from our customers that say our pills helped them regain their sexual ego. It's up to you when to stop taking our pills since they are 100% safe and made from natural products. We had one customer write to us that he decided to stop the pills after he no longer felt embarrassed when making love. His penis used to be below average, 5 inches to be exact, now he is 7 inches and is fully satisfied. He wrote us saying that now his woman receives an orgasm 95% of the time they make love, before she could barely get excited. "I'm very grateful to Pillsexpert for bringing such miraculous changes to my life. Having gained 2.5 inches from the 4 months supply and became more passionate and sexually attractive I was even able to fix the relationship with my wife (we were on the verge of the divorce) by simply having great sex with her. I feel more confident now and …I'm just happy!!! You know how they say it: ”Miracles don't just happen, they are firstly very well prepared.” No doubt that your company put a lot of time and effort to start helping people. Thank you so much and good luck to you." Mark Andrew, FL cheapest penis enlargement pills pnis enlargement surgeon Why are we #1 on the market?Consider the difference between a 7, 8 or 9 inch penis that is thicker and a penis that is 4 to 6 inches and narrower. With a larger penis you penetrate more sensitive areas of the woman. Your longer penis probes deeper searching those special nerve endings. The added width to your penis fills and presses her from side to side to give your partner the most exhilarating sensations. The results are permanent. You control the growth because once you reach your optimum size you could stop taking VIMAX PILLS. We say you could stop taking VIMAX PILLS because it is not necessary to be larger then 9 inches. Most women can only comfortably accommodate a 9 inch penis. Anything larger than that may be too large for most women. Nine inches or more then 9 inches, the choice is yours. Unlike other clones, Vimax Pills are made from only high end ingredients available to bring you best results possible. We run a serious business and treat as such, unlike other companies that appear out of nowhere and then disappear with your money without ever sending you a product you paid for. enlargment manhattan penis pennis enlargement herb Prices
Most of the orders placed before 1PM Eastern Standard Time are shipped the same day. |
||||||||||||
VIAGRA What is Viagra? Viagra is an anti-impotence drug manufactured by Pfizer with an active ingredient sildenafile citrate for treatment of male impotence. Sildenafile citrate relaxes the muscles and increases the blood flow to particular areas of the body. The intake of Viagra increases the ability to achieve and sustain erection on being sexually stimulated. Men taking Viagra have reported an amplified sex drive, increased stamina, and quicker recharge. Viagra works together with sexual stimulation to help achieve maximum sexual satisfaction. However, Viagra does not guarantee protection from getting sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and Hepatitis. How Viagra works? Viagra enables many men with ED to respond to sexual stimulation. When a man is sexually aroused, the arteries in the penis relax and widen, allowing more blood to flow into the penis. As the arteries in the penis expand and harden, the veins that normally carry blood away from the penis become compressed, restricting the blood flow out of the penis. With more blood flowing in and less flowing out, the penis enlarges, resulting in an erection. It is to be noted that Viagra is not a hormone or aphrodisiac, it works only when a man is sexually stimulated. Viagra Dosage Viagra is available in the form of tablet and is meant to be taken orally. Ideally it is to be taken almost an hour before the sexual activity. However, Viagra can be taken anytime from 4 hours to 30 minutes before sexual activity. It takes 30 – 45 minutes for showing Viagra’s effect and this effect lasts for almost four hours. If you take Viagra after a high-fat meal (such as fish & chips, cheeseburger or French fries), it may take a little longer to start working. Viagra should not be taken more than once a day unless prescribed by your doctor. Warnings/Precautions It is always advisable to consult physician before starting the intake of Viagra. In case you have the history of an heart attack, stroke, or life-threatening irregular heartbeats within the last six months; or have heart failure in the past; coronary artery disease; angina; high or low blood pressure; liver problems; kidney problems; blood problems, including sickle cell anemia or leukemia; a bleeding disorder; stomach ulcer; retinitis pigmentosa (an inherited condition of the eye); physical deformity of the penis such as Peyronie's disease; or a condition that could lead to prolonged and painful erections, such as a tumor of the bone marrow, sickle cell anemia, or leukemia; or you are taking any other medicine containing nitrates your blood pressure could suddenly drop to an unsafe level and can risk your life. All these medical conditions and also allergy to sildenafile or any of its ingredients can lead to disastrous results. So it is always advisable to consult your doctor for adjusting the dosages after monitoring the treatments listed above. Viagra is not approved or recommended for use in women. Therefore, women should not take Viagra under any circumstances. It also not recommended for men older than 65 years unless they tolerate it in small doses for those who are sensitive to the effects of Viagra. Missed Dose Viagra can be taken as and when needed and there is no concept of missed dosage. Possible Side Effects of Viagra Every medicine has some or the other side effect and so does Viagra. It depends on individual to individual and is usually mild to moderate and don't last longer than a few hours. Mostly these side effects are evident with high intakes of Viagra. The most common side effects of Viagra are headache, nausea, flushing of the face, and upset stomach. Also there can be some temporary changes in color vision (such as trouble telling the difference between blue and green objects or having a blue color tinge to them), eyes becoming sensitive to light, or blurred vision. But if you become dizzy or nauseated, or have pain, numbness, or tingling in your chest, arms, neck, or jaw during sexual activity, stop and call your doctor right away. You could be having a serious side effect of Viagra, or if you have sudden vision loss or have any of these signs of allergic reactions like hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat seek emergency medical help immediately. It is also advisable to stop using Viagra and call your doctor immediately if you have any of these serious problems like - chest pain or heavy feeling, pain spreading to the arm or shoulder, nausea, sweating, general ill feeling; irregular heartbeat; swelling in your hands, ankles, or feet; shortness of breath and vision changes. In rare instances, men have reported an erection that lasts many hours. But if this is the case then you should call a doctor immediately if an erection lasts more than 4 hours. If not treated right away, permanent damage to your penis could occur. Heart attack, stroke, irregular heartbeats, and death have been reported rarely in men taking Viagra. Most, but not all, of these men had heart problems before taking this medicine. It is not possible to determine whether these events were directly related to Viagra. vimax penis enlargement excersizes enlarement manhattan penis surgeon herbal natural penis elargement do penile enlargement pills work safe penile enlargement plastic surgery penile enlargement vimax review natural pnis enlargement technique
There are times that you are wondering whether you may be pregnant or not. It may be difficult to tell at times especially if you have not been pregnant. There are signs and symptoms that are very common to all pregnant women and these signs have long been unfailing and proven to be manifested by pregnant women. However, you must remember that these signs are not just clues for pregnancy. They may be also signs for other illnesses. It is still best to consult a physician or take the pregnancy test once you have experienced these symptoms. Here are five sure signs that will indicate whether you are about to become a mom or not: 1. If you missed your menstrual period, better take extra care. Once you missed a cycle for your menstruation, it may be a sign that you are pregnant. This is the first symptom that will indicate that you are positive of pregnancy. However, some say that they even experience pregnancy signs even before they miss their period for that cycle. 2. You may also experience a feeling of tenderness on your breasts and nipples. Most of the time, they may also feel like they are swollen. One physical change that you may experience during pregnancy is the feeling you may experience with your breasts. They may also seem heavier and the size becomes a little bigger once you are pregnant. This is an early symptom during pregnancy and may be experienced two weeks after the baby is conceived. This is due to the increased level of progesterone and estrogen hormones in preparation for the production of milk in your breasts. 3. Fatigue is one major symptom experienced during pregnancy. A woman usually feels stressed out during pregnancy especially during the early stages. This is because the body of a pregnant woman works extra hard in the excretion of more hormones and production of more fluids and blood to carry the nutrients to the fetus. The increase in progesterone level, which is a natural depressant, also explains why pregnant women experience sleepiness all the time. 4. Pregnant women also experience nausea, which at often times causes vomiting. This also explains the morning sickness that is experienced during pregnancy. This symptom is manifested during the first 56 days of pregnancy. However, nausea starts on the second week after the baby is conceived. This symptom, although called as morning sickness, may be experienced anytime of the day. The increasing level of estrogen that is produced in the placenta causes the stomach to digest slowly and emptying it may take a longer time. This then results to an upset stomach, which explains why pregnant women vomit. 5. Spotting is also a sure sign that you may be pregnant. You will see that there is a slight bleeding and you may oftentimes feel cramps on your abdomen. You will see small spots of blood during the early stages of pregnancy. This may happen around 11 to 14 days after the egg cell has been fertilized. This is because the fertilized egg begins to stick to the lining of your uterus. The spots of blood are in a lighter red color compared to the usual color of blood you see during menstruation. The cramps on the other hand, are due to the enlargement of the uterus in preparation for the growing fetus. The cramps are similar to the cramping experienced during menstrual periods. Now that you know those pregnancy hints, dealing with them is another story. Though they may sound a bit daunting, there are ways to make them more manageable. Note: This article may be freely reproduced as long as the AUTHOR'S resource box at the bottom of this article is included and all links must be Active/Linkable with no syntax changes. vigrx penis enlagement pill natural penis elargement and lengthening do penis enhancement pills really work surgical penis enlarement pennis enlargement pills review vimax penis enlargement tool penis enargement without pills vimax customer service penile enlargement excercises
Gonorrhea is a STD. it is also called clap. Bacteria spread gonorrhea. Most of us believe that kissing is very harmless. But kissing can cause Gonorrhea. Let me tell you more. Gonorrhea - the affected areas Gonorrhea bacteria affect most of the places in the body with mucous membrane. That includes the genitals, the anus and rectum, throat, and possibly eyes. The bacteria pass from secretions of any of the affected areas. Once your mucous membrane comes in contact with secretions of an infected person, you may contact Gonorrhea. Any sexual activity will transfer the bacteria. if the bacteria has invaded the throat of the infected person, a kiss will transfer it. If such a person performs oral sex on you, you will get Gonorrhea. Gonorrhea complications- Gonorrhea is a disease, which is better avoided. if it is left untreated, it can cause infertility in both men and women. In men it may even close the urethra( from where men pass the urine) , infect the testicles and create other complications, In women it may infect the fallopian tubes and may cause PID- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Gonorrhea - the early symptoms Yellowish discharge from the penis or vagina, painful passing of stools, burning sensation in the genitals are some of the common symptoms of Gonorrhea. To know more about Gonorrhea please click here- Gonorrhea This article is only for informative purposes. This article is not intended to be a medical advise and it is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult your doctor for your medical concerns. Please follow any tip given in this article only after consulting your doctor. The author is not liable for any outcome or damage resulting from information obtained from this article. pennis enlargement doctor penis elargement before and after penis elargement photo penile enlargment pic before and after penis enlagement program safe penile enlargement vig rx pill cheap penis enhancement penile enlargement excercises
Hair loss treatments and remedies that really work are rare but they exist. There are so many different hair loss solutions out there that finding a good solution becomes an overwhelming task. Since hair loss is such a common problem in men but also in women, many take advantage of this by selling useless or ineffective products to desperate people. There is no cure to hair loss yet, it can only be treated. Many different people and companies offer many different solutions to hair loss. There is too much misleading information out there about what works and what not. Fact is that there are currently only two FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) approved hair loss treatments available. The one is Propecia with its active ingredient Finasteride. The other one is Rogaine with Minoxidil. FDA approved means that these products have a proven track record of being successful to some degree in treating hair loss. These two products have been clinically tested and the results are well documented. Finasteride was originally approved as a treatment for prostate enlargement but it has been found out later that it also helps to fight hair loss or male pattern baldness in men. Propecia works in men only. Propecia works because it can reduce the DHT levels in the scalp. DHT (dihydrotestosterone) is an androgen which is produced by the conversion of testosterone. DHT is the main reason why men loose hair because it causes the hair follicles to shrink and to produce less and thinner hair. Then they stop to produce hair at all. Minoxidil is the other FDA approved ingredient which is sold under the brand name Rogaine. Rogaine is also for women and is applied topically to your scalp twice a day. It's reported that Rogaine is better for hair growth and regrowth than Propecia, while Propecia is better in stopping hair loss and maintain the hair you have. Many men therefore prefer to use both drugs, first to stop the hair loss and then to regrowth hair. Minoxidil does not work like Propecia as it doesn't affect the DHT levels. Minoxidil works by stimulating the hair follicles to produce larger and thicker hair again. Minoxidil should work therefore well in areas of thin or miniaturized hairs. The side effects are rare but they happen. With Minoxidil a small percentage (6%) of users report scalp itching which can be removed by washing Minoxidil out of the hair. Propecia side effects happen in about 2% of men. The side effects are a decreased libido, problems in getting an erection and less semen production. These side effects can be reduced by reducing the dosage of Propecia. If Propecia is stopped, the side effects disappear. penis enargement excersizes vimax free natural penis enlargement vimax penis enlargement penis enlargement secret penile enlargment before and after penile enlargment pump penis enlarement photo home pnis enlargement penile enlargement excercises
Introduction The Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) has governed international trade in textiles and clothing since 1974. The MFA enabled developed nations, mainly the USA, European Union and Canada to restrict imports from developing countries through a system of quotas. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) to abolish MFA quotas marked a significant turnaround in the global textile trade. The ATC mandated progressive phase out of import quotas established under MFA, and the integration of textiles and clothing into the multilateral trading system before January 2005. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing ATC is a transitory regime between the MFA and the integration of trading in textiles and clothing in the multilateral trading system. The ATC provided for a stage-wise integration process to be completed within a period of ten years (1995-2004), divided into four stages starting with the implementation of the agreement in 1995. The product groups from which products were to be integrated at each stage of the integration included (i) tops and yarns; (ii) fabrics; (iii) made-up textile products; and (iv) clothing. The ATC mandated that importing countries must integrate a specified minimum portion of their textile and garment exports based on total volume of trade in 1990, at the start of each phase of integration. In the first stage, each country was required to integrate 16 percent of the total volume of imports of 1990, followed by a further 17 percent at the end of first three year and another 18 percent at the end of third stage. The fourth stage would see the final integration of the remaining 49 percent of trade. Global Trade in Textile and Clothing World trade in textiles and clothing amounted to US $ 385 billion in 2003, of which textiles accounted for 43 percent (US $ 169 bn) and the remaining 57 percent (US $ 226 bn) for clothing. Developed countries accounted for little over one-third of world exports in textiles and clothing. The shares of developed countries in textiles and clothing trade were estimated to be 47 percent (US $ 79 bn) and 29 percent, (US $ 61 bn) respectively. Import Trends in USA In 1990, restrained or MFA countries contributed as much as 87 percent (US $ 29.3 bn) of total US textile and clothing imports, whereas Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and ANDEAN countries together contributed 13 percent (US $ 4.4 bn). Thereafter, there has been a decline in exports by restrained countries; the share of preferential regions more than doubled to reach 30 percent (US $ 26.9 bn) of total imports by USA. The composition of imports of clothing and textiles by USA in 2003 was 80 percent (US $ 71 bn) and 20 percent (US $ 18 bn), respectively. Asia was the principal sourcing region for imports of both textiles and clothing by USA. Latin American region stood at second position with a share of 12 percent (US $ 2.2 bn) and 26 percent (US $ 18.5 bn), respectively, for textiles and clothing imports, by USA. In most of the quota products imported by USA, India was one of the leading suppliers of readymade garments in USA. Though China is a biggest competitor, the unit prices of China for most of these product groups were high and thus provide opportunities for Indian business. Import Trends in EU EU overtook USA as the world's largest market for textiles and clothing. Intra-EU trade accounted for about 40 percent (US $ 40 bn) of total clothing imports and 62 percent (US $ 32.5 bn) of total textile imports by EU. Asia dominates EU market in both clothing and textiles, with 30 percent (US $ 30 bn) and 17 percent (US $ 8 bn) share, respectively. Central and East European countries hold a market share of 11 percent (US $ 11.3 bn) in clothing and 7.5 percent (US $ 4 bn) in textiles imports of EU. As regards preferential suppliers, the growth of trade between EU and Mediterranean countries, especially Egypt and Turkey, was highest in 2003. As regards individual countries, China accounted for little over 5 percent (US $ 2.8 bn) of EU's imports of textiles and over 12 percent (US $ 12.4 bn) of clothing imports. In the EU market also, India is a leading supplier for many of the textile products. It is estimated that Turkey would emerge as a biggest competitor for both India and China. However, with regard to unit prices, India appears to be lower than both Turkey and China in many of the categories. Import Trends in Canada Amongst the leading suppliers of textiles and clothing to Canada, USA had the highest share of over 31 percent (US $ 8.4 bn), followed by China (21% - US $ 1.8 bn) and EU (8% - US $ 0.6 bn). India was ranked at fourth position and was ahead of other exporters like Mexico, Bangladesh and Turkey, with a market share of 5.2 percent (US $ 0.45 bn). Potential Gains It may be noted that clothing sector would offer higher gains than the textile sector, in the post MFA regime. Countries like Mexico, CBI countries, many of the African countries emerged as exporters of readymade garments without having much of textile base, utilizing the preferential tariff arrangement under the quota regime. Besides, countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Cambodia emerged as garment exporters due to cost factors, in addition to the quota benefits. It may be said that countries like China, USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Turkey have resource based advantages in cotton; China, India, Vietnam and Brazil have resource based advantages in silk; Australia, China, New Zealand and India have resource based advantages in wool; China, India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Turkey, USA, Korea and few CIS countries have resource based advantages in manmade fibers. In addition, China, India, Pakistan, USA, Indonesia has capacity based advantages in the textile spinning and weaving. China is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of textured yarn, knitted yarn fabric and woven textured fabric. Brazil is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of woven ring yarn. India is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of ring-yarn, O-E yarn, woven O-E yarn fabric, knitted ring yarn fabric and knitted O-E yarn fabric. According to Werner Management Consultants, USA, the hourly wage costs in textile industry is very high for many of the developed countries. Even in developing economies like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Turkey and Mauritius, the hourly wage is higher as compared to India, China, Pakistan and Indonesia. From the above analysis, it may be concluded that China, India, Pakistan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey and Egypt would emerge as winners in the post quota regime. The market losers in the short term (1-2 years) would include CBI countries, many of the sub-Saharan African countries, Asian countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The market losers in the long term (by 2014) would include high cost producers, like EU, USA, Canada, Mexico, Japan and many east Asian countries. The determinants of increase / decrease in market share in the medium term would however depend upon the cost, quality and timely Review of Indian Textiles and Clothing Industry The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using delivery. In the long run, there are possibilities of contraction in intra-EU trade in textile and garments, reduction of market share of Turkey in EU and market share of Mexico and Canada in USA, and thus provide more opportunities for developing countries like India. It is estimated that in the short term, both China and India would gain additional market share proportionate to their current market share. In the medium term, however, India and China would have a cumulative market share of 50 percent, in both textiles and garment imports by USA. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 13.5 percent in textiles and 8 percent in garments in the USA market. With regard to EU, it is estimated that the benefits are mainly in the garments sector, with China taking a major share of 30 percent and India gaining a market share of 8 percent. The potential gain in the textile sector is limited in the EU market considering the proposed further enlargement of EU. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 8 percent in EU textiles market as against the China's market share of 12 percent. Review of Indian textiles and Clothing Industry The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using cotton, jute, wool, silk and mane made and synthetic fibers. In the spinning segment, India has an installed capacity of around 40 million spindles (23% of world), 0.5 million rotors (6% of world). In the weaving segment, India is equipped with 1.80 million shuttle looms (45% of world), 0.02 million shuttle less looms (3% of world) and 3.90 million handlooms (85% of world). The organised mill (spinning) sector recorded a significant growth during the last decade, with the number of spinning mills increasing from 873 to 1564 by end March 2004. The organised sector accounts for production of almost all of spun yarn, but only around 4 percent of total fabric production. In other words, there are little over 200 composite mills in India leaving the production of fabric and processing to the decentralised small weaving and processing firms. The Indian apparel sector is estimated to have over 25000 domestic manufacturers, 48000 fabricators and around 4000 manufacturer-exporters. Cotton apparel accounts for the majority of Indian apparel exports. Textiles and Garments Exports from India The share of textiles and garments exports in India's total exports in the year 2003-04 stood at about 20 percent, amounting to US $ 12.5 billion. The quota countries, USA, EU and Canada accounted for nearly 70 percent of India's garments exports and 44 percent of India's textile exports. Amongst non-quota countries, UAE is the largest market for Indian textiles and garments; UAE accounted for 7 percent of India's total textile exports and 10 percent of India's garments exports. In terms of products, cotton yarn, fabrics and made-ups are the leading export items in the textile category. In the clothing category, the major item of exports was cotton readymade garments and accessories. However, in terms of share in total imports by EU and USA from India, these products hold relatively lesser share than products made of other fibers, thus showing the restrain in this category. Critical Factors that Need Attention Though India is one of the major producers of cotton yarn and fabric, the productivity of cotton as measured by yield has been found to be lower than many countries. The level of productivity in China, Turkey and Brazil is over 1 tonne / ha., while in India it is only about 0.3 tonne / ha. In the manmade fiber sector, India is ranked at fifth position in terms of capacity. However, the capacity and technology infusion in this sector need to be further enhanced in view of the changing fiber consumption in the world. It may be mentioned that the share of cotton in world fiber demand declined from around 50 percent (14.7 mn tons) in 1982 to around 38 percent (20.12 mn tons) in 2003, while the share of manmade fiber has increased from 44 percent (13.10 mn tons) to around 60 percent (31.76 mn tons) over the same period. Apart from low cost labour, other factors that are having impact on final consumer cost are relative interest cost, power tariff, structural anomalies and productivity level (affected by technological obsolescence). A study by International Textile Manufacturers Federation revealed high power costs in India as compared to other countries like Brazil, China, Italy, Korea, Turkey and USA. Percentage share of power in total cost of production in spinning, weaving and knitting of ring and O-E yarn for India ranged from 10 percent to 17 percent, which is also higher than that of countries like Brazil, Korea and China. Percentage share of capital cost in total production cost in India was also higher ranging from 20 percent to 29 percent as compared to a range of 12 to 26 percent in China. In India, very few exporters have gone in for integrated production facility. It is noted that countries that would emerge as globally competitive would have significantly consolidated supply chain. For instance, competitor countries like Korea, China, Turkey, Pakistan and Mexico have a consolidated supply chain. In contrast, apart from spinning, the rest of the activities like weaving, processing, made-ups and garmenting are all found to be fragmented in India. Besides, the level of technology in the Indian weaving sector is low compared to other countries of the world. The share of shuttle less looms to total loomage in India is 1.8% as compared to Indonesia (10%), Bangladesh (10%), Sri Lanka (12%), China (14%) and Mexico (29%). The supply chain in this industry is not only highly fragmented but is beset with bottlenecks that could very well slow down the growth of this sector. As a result the average delivery lead times (from procurement to fabrication and shipment of garments) still takes about 45-60 days. With international lead delivery times coming down to 30-35 days, India needs to cut down the production cycle time substantially to stay in the market. Besides, erratic supply of power and water, availability of adequate road connectivity, inadequacies in port facilities and other export infrastructure have been adversely affecting the competitiveness of Indian textiles sector. Conclusions It is believed the quota regime has frozen the market share, providing export opportunities even for high cost producers. Thus, in the free trade regime, the pattern of imports in the quota countries would undergo changes. The issues that would govern the market share in the post quota regime would eventually be productivity, raw material base, quality, cost of inputs, including labour, design skills and operation of economies of scale. It is believed that quotas, by limiting the supply of goods have kept export prices artificially high. Thus, it is estimated that there would be price war in the post quota regime, with competitive price cuts. The price and quantity effects would depend on the efficiency in production process, supply chain management and the price elasticity of demand. Due to the expected fall in prices, developing countries with high production cost have little choice but to compete head-on with the biggest low cost suppliers. In this process, it is presumed that there would be better resource reallocation in these economies. It is assumed that quota restrictions would continue beyond 2005 in various forms. It is also widely recognized that removal of quota may not directly provide easy and unrestricted access to developed country markets. There would be non-tariff barriers as well. Standards related to health, safety, environment, quality of work life and child labour would gain further momentum in international trade in textiles and clothing. Strategies and Recommendations Cost competitiveness in Indian garments sector has been restrained by limited scale operations, obsolete technology and reservation under SSI policies. While retaining its traditional cost advantages of home grown cotton and low cost labour, India needs to sharpen its competitive edge by lowering the cost of operations through efficient use of production inputs and scale operations. Besides, there are needs for rationalization of charges, levies related to usage of export logistics to remain cost competitive. As fallout to the quota regime, there would be consolidation of production and restriction on supplying countries, which would necessarily mean improved scale operations. Indian players should also integrate to achieve operating leverage and demonstrate high bargaining power. It is reported that Chinese textile firms have already invested heavily to expand and grab huge market share in the quota free world. In India, organised players in this sector would require huge investments to remain competitive in the quota free world. These players need to expand and integrate vertically to achieve scale operations and introduce new technologies. It is estimated that the industry would require Rs. 1.5 trillion (US $ 35 billion) new capital investment in the next ten years (by 2014) to lap the potential export opportunities of US $ 70 billion. It is estimated that USA and EU together would offer a market of US $ 42 billion for Indian textiles and garments in 2014. Technology would play a lead role in the weaving and processing, which would improve quality and productivity levels. Innovations would also be happening in this sector, as many developed countries would innovate new generation machineries that are likely to have low manual interface and power cost. Indian textile industry should also turn into high technology mode to reap the benefits of scale operations and quality. Foreign investments coupled with foreign technology transfer would help the industry to turn into high-tech mode. Internationally, trading in textile and garment sector is concentrated in the hands of large retail firms. Majority of them are looking for few vendors with bulk orders and hence opting for vertically integrated companies. Thus, there is need for integrating the operations in India also, from spinning to garment making, to gain their attention. This would also bring down the turn around time and improve quality. Indian players should also improve upon their soft skills, viz., design capabilities, textile technology, management and negotiating skills. Garment manufacturing business is order driven. It would be difficult for the players to keep the workforce full time, even in lean season. This calls for changes in contract labour laws. Logistics and supply chain would also play a crucial role as timely delivery would be an important requirement for success in international trade. The logistics and supply chain management of Indian textile firms are relatively weak and needs improvement and efficiency. China has already created a world class export infrastructure. Given the volume of projections for exports by India, it may be necessary to create additional export infrastructure, especially investment for modernization of ports. In addition, India needs to invest for creating brand equity, supply chain management and apparel industry education. To sum up, the ability of Indian textile industry to take advantage of quota phase-out would depend upon their ability to enhance overall competitiveness through exploitation of economies of scale in manufacturing and supply chain. The need of the hour therefore is to evolve a well chalked out strategy, aimed at improvement in the levels of productivity and efficiency, quality control, faster product innovation, quick response to changes in consumer preferences and the ability to move up in the value chain by building brand names and acquiring channels of distribution so as to outweigh the advantages of competitors in the long run. Source: Export-Import Bank of India, India.